How PFAS Get into Sparkling Water

With sparkling water becoming an increasingly popular beverage for hydration and enjoyment, it’s more important than ever for consumers to be aware of what they are putting into their bodies. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, commonly known as PFAS, have been a subject of debate and research due to their widespread use in consumer products and potential health implications.

Understanding PFAS in Sparkling Water

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of man-made chemicals known for their water—and grease-resistant properties. These substances are widely used in manufacturing consumer goods, including non-stick cookware, water-repellent fabrics, and food packaging. However, their pervasive nature has raised significant concerns about their presence in our water supply, including bottled sparkling water. PFAS are of particular concern because they do not break down easily in the environment, meaning they can persist almost indefinitely once released.

Consumer Reports conducted a detailed investigation into the presence of PFAS in various bottled waters, including noncarbonated and carbonated options. The study tested 47 different bottled water products, 12 of which were carbonated, to determine the levels of PFAS and heavy metals. The findings revealed that many sparkling water products contained detectable levels of PFAS, prompting concerns about their potential health risks.

The federal government provides voluntary guidance on PFAS, recommending that the combined levels of two specific PFAS compounds, PFOA and PFOS, remain below 70 parts per trillion (ppt). However, some states have set stricter limits, with 12 to 20 ppt guidelines. The International Bottled Water Association advocates for even lower levels, recommending five ppts for any single compound and 10 ppts for multiple compounds. Despite these guidelines, some experts suggest that the threshold for total PFAS levels should be even lower, at one ppt, due to emerging research on the associated health risks.

PFAS in Sparkling Water

The presence of PFAS in sparkling water is primarily due to their widespread use and persistence in the environment. These chemicals are used for their water and grease-resistant properties, which makes them useful in a variety of products, from non-stick cookware to water-repellent fabrics. However, their ability to persist for long periods and their detection in different environmental settings raises concerns about their presence in our water supply, including bottled sparkling water.

Sources of PFAS in Sparkling Water

1. Carbonation Process: The process of carbonating water—whether natural or artificial—can introduce PFAS into the final product. The source water, which may already contain detectable levels of PFAS, can be altered during carbonation, potentially releasing these substances into the drink. The method used for carbonation, such as adding CO2 under pressure, might also facilitate the introduction of PFAS.
2. Water Treatment Methods: The methods used by water bottlers to treat source water can impact the level of PFAS in the final product. Some treatments, like reverse osmosis, are effective at removing PFAS, while others, such as basic filtration or carbonation, may not be sufficient. The varying treatment processes among different brands can lead to significant differences in PFAS concentrations in sparkling water.
3. Source Water Contamination: PFAS contamination can occur at the source water level, affecting not just sparkling water but also other types of bottled water. The use of contaminated water sources, whether from rivers, lakes, or wells, increases the risk of PFAS presence in the final product. The investigation by Consumer Reports found that many carbonated water products had detectable levels of PFAS, suggesting that source water contamination could be a contributing factor.

Health Implications

The health risks associated with PFAS exposure are significant. Long-term exposure to these substances has been linked to a range of adverse health effects, including cancer, hormonal disruptions, and developmental problems in children. The persistence of PFAS in the environment means that they can accumulate in the human body over time, leading to chronic health issues. This underscores the importance of understanding the pathways through which PFAS enter our water supply and the steps we can take to minimize exposure.

Regulatory Standards

The federal government has established guidelines for acceptable levels of PFAS in drinking water, recommending a combined level of 70 parts per trillion (ppt) for PFOA and PFOS. However, this advisory level is not enforceable, and some states have implemented stricter limits to protect public health. For example, New York has set a limit of 10 ppt for each of these compounds, while New Jersey has a combined limit of 13 ppt. These varying standards highlight the complexity of regulating PFAS and the need for more consistent and stringent guidelines across the country.

How PFAS End Up in Sparkling Water

The introduction of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) into sparkling water is a result of multiple pathways, from source water contamination to specific bottling processes. Understanding these pathways can help consumers recognize how these substances might end up in their beverages and what actions can be taken to minimize exposure.

1. Source Water Contamination

• Environmental Presence: PFAS are found everywhere—at low levels in air, soil, and water—due to their widespread use in industry and consumer products. This widespread presence makes it likely that PFAS can be found in natural water sources, such as rivers and lakes, which are often used as sources for bottling water. Contamination can occur through direct discharge from manufacturing plants, waste treatment plants, or from the runoff of PFAS-containing products like non-stick cookware.
• Municipal Water Systems: Even if source water appears clean, PFAS contamination can still occur through municipal water systems. The chemicals can travel through soil and water systems, reaching treatment plants where they may not be completely filtered out. This is especially true for less advanced treatment facilities that use methods like chlorine or simple filtration, which are not effective at removing PFAS.

2. Bottling Process

• Water Treatment Methods: The methods used to treat source water before bottling play a significant role in the levels of PFAS in the final product. While advanced treatments like reverse osmosis and activated carbon filters can significantly reduce PFAS levels, many bottlers use less rigorous methods such as basic filtration or simply adding CO2 under pressure to carbonate the water. These methods may not sufficiently filter out PFAS, leading to their presence in the sparkling water.
• Carbonation Process: During the carbonation process, gases can interact with the water in ways that might inadvertently release PFAS already present in the water. The use of pressurized systems to carbonate water could potentially push PFAS from the water into the gas phase, contaminating the beverage with these substances.

3. Treatment Plant Limitations

• Basic Filtration and Carbonation: Basic filtration methods, which are used by many bottling plants, often do not target PFAS effectively. These filters may remove larger particles and some dissolved substances but lack the specificity needed to filter out PFAS. When sparkling water undergoes carbonation without adequate treatment, PFAS that are already present in the water can be incorporated into the beverage.
• Water Quality Monitoring: Regular water quality testing by bottlers is crucial for detecting PFAS. However, not all brands perform this testing with the same frequency or thoroughness, and the transparency of test results varies among companies. Some brands may not disclose the presence of PFAS in their water, even when detected at low levels.

4. Packaging and Distribution

• Bottling Conditions: PFAS can also enter sparkling water during bottling and packaging. If bottling plants use materials or packaging processes that allow PFAS migration, these substances can leach from the packaging into the water. This is especially true for plastics that are not designed to be completely impervious to chemicals.
• Supply Chain Contamination: Sometimes, contamination can occur during the transport and storage of bottled water. Containers may be stored or transported in environments where PFAS are present, allowing the chemicals to migrate into the water. This risk is heightened when bottles are handled or stored near PFAS-containing materials

Health Implications of PFAS in Sparkling Water

The presence of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in sparkling water raises significant concerns about their impact on human health. PFAS are a group of man-made chemicals known for their persistence in the environment and resistance to degradation. Exposure to these substances has been linked to a range of adverse health effects, prompting a closer look at their presence in everyday consumables like sparkling water.

Health Risks Associated with PFAS

• Cancer: Studies have shown that exposure to certain PFAS compounds, particularly PFOA and PFOS, is associated with an increased risk of cancer, including kidney and testicular cancers. The potential for cancer development is heightened due to the bioaccumulative nature of these chemicals, meaning they can build up in the body over time.
• Hormonal Disruption: PFAS have been found to interfere with hormone production and regulation in the body. This can lead to disruptions in thyroid function, as well as developmental issues in children, including effects on growth and neurodevelopment.
• Immune System Suppression: There is evidence that exposure to PFAS can weaken the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and illnesses. This effect is particularly concerning for children and the elderly, who have a less robust immune response.

Developmental Concerns

• Children and Pregnant Women: For children and pregnant women, exposure to PFAS can result in developmental delays, lower birth weights, and changes in behavior and cognitive function. The chemicals can cross the placental barrier, potentially affecting fetal development. Studies have linked PFAS exposure during pregnancy to preterm births and reduced birth weights, underscoring the importance of minimizing exposure for pregnant women.

Long-Term Exposure

• Persistence in the Environment: One of the most troubling aspects of PFAS is their persistence in the environment. These substances do not break down easily and can remain in soil, water, and the human body for years, if not decades. This long half-life means that even small amounts of PFAS can accumulate over time, leading to increased health risks as exposure continues.
• Accumulation in the Body: PFAS are known to accumulate in the human body, particularly in the liver and blood. As people consume food and beverages that contain these substances, such as contaminated water, PFAS levels can rise. Regular consumption of sparkling water with detectable PFAS levels can contribute to long-term exposure, potentially increasing health risks over time.

Steps to Minimize Risk

• Choose Low-PFAS Brands: Consumers can reduce their exposure by selecting brands that have demonstrated low levels of PFAS through rigorous testing and transparency. Brands with certifications from reputable third-party organizations, such as NSF, can provide reassurance about their product quality.
• Water Testing: For those who are concerned about PFAS in their drinking water, home testing kits are available. These tests can measure PFAS levels in drinking water and help consumers make informed choices about which brands to purchase.
• Support Regulatory Changes: Advocating for stronger regulations and standards on PFAS in bottled water can help reduce exposure. Consumers can also support legislative efforts to restrict the use of PFAS in consumer products more broadly.

Regulatory Landscape and PFAS in Sparkling Water

The regulatory landscape for PFAS, particularly in consumer products like sparkling water, is complex and rapidly evolving. Governments at both the federal and state levels are actively working to establish clearer guidelines and limits for these persistent chemicals to protect public health. As consumers, understanding the current regulations can empower us to make informed choices about the sparkling water we choose to consume.

U.S. Federal Regulations

At the federal level, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) plays a crucial role in setting guidelines for PFAS levels in drinking water. The EPA has established health advisory levels for two specific PFAS compounds, PFOA and PFOS, at 70 parts per trillion (ppt) combined. These advisory levels are not enforceable standards but rather serve as guidelines to assist federal, state, and local officials in protecting public health. They reflect the maximum concentration of these chemicals in drinking water below which no adverse health effects are expected over a lifetime of exposure.

Despite these advisory levels, the EPA’s guidelines are not legally binding, meaning there are no direct consequences for violations. However, they provide a benchmark for states and companies to follow in managing PFAS contamination. This lack of enforceability can result in voluntary adherence by many brands and localities, even when not required by law. This voluntary approach creates a patchwork of PFAS regulation, as each state may adopt different guidelines or choose to regulate PFAS in its unique way.

State-Level Regulations

In the absence of comprehensive federal action, some states have taken the initiative to implement stricter PFAS limits. For example, New York has set a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for PFOA and PFOS at 10 ppt each, significantly lower than the EPA’s advisory level. New Jersey has also established MCLs of 13 ppt for both compounds. These state-level regulations reflect local concerns about PFAS contamination and a desire for more protective measures. The variability across states can create a confusing landscape for consumers, as they navigate different standards and requirements for PFAS testing and disclosure. Some states mandate that manufacturers disclose testing results, while others do not, resulting in gaps in transparency and consistency.

Role of Industry Associations

The International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) plays a role in providing voluntary guidelines for PFAS levels in bottled water, recommending levels below 5 ppt for any single compound and 10 ppt for multiple compounds. These guidelines are not mandatory, but they serve as best practices for IBWA members to follow. While widely adopted within the industry, the IBWA’s standards do not apply universally, leaving room for inconsistency in testing and transparency among brands outside the association. Brands that adhere to IBWA guidelines often emphasize transparency and safety in their labeling and marketing, providing consumers with information about their PFAS testing results and encouraging better industry practices.

Ongoing Efforts for Regulatory Change

The EPA’s PFAS Action Plan, released in 2020, outlines steps to better understand and mitigate PFAS contamination. These steps include developing new analytical methods to detect PFAS in water, conducting toxicity assessments, and evaluating the potential for enforceable drinking water standards. While the plan represents a significant step towards more stringent regulations, it also highlights the slow pace of regulatory change in the U.S. At the state level, legislators are responding with laws that ban or restrict PFAS in certain products, require PFAS testing, and establish cleanup standards for contaminated sites. These legislative actions are crucial for addressing the widespread presence of PFAS in the environment and ensuring safer drinking water for consumers.

Recommendations for Consumers

As consumers navigate the complex regulatory landscape and seek to avoid PFAS in sparkling water, staying informed and making conscious choices is key. It’s important to keep up with the latest developments in PFAS regulation by consulting resources such as the Environmental Working Group (EWG) and other government agencies that provide updated information and guidance.

Choosing brands that disclose their PFAS testing results and adhere to stringent safety guidelines is another proactive step consumers can take. By supporting transparent brands, consumers can help drive broader industry changes towards safer drinking water. Additionally, getting involved in advocacy efforts, such as writing to lawmakers, participating in community meetings, and supporting environmental organizations focused on water safety and regulation, can contribute to the push for stronger federal and state regulations on PFAS.

How to Avoid PFAS in Sparkling Water

Minimizing exposure to PFAS in sparkling water requires careful consideration and proactive choices. By being informed and taking specific steps, consumers can reduce their risk of ingesting these potentially harmful substances. Here are practical strategies to help you make safer beverage choices:

Contact the Manufacturer

• Reach Out Directly: If you’re concerned about PFAS levels in your sparkling water, contact the manufacturer directly. Ask about their testing practices and results for PFAS. Many brands are willing to share information about their water quality and any steps they’re taking to ensure safety. Transparency from the company is often a good indicator of their commitment to consumer health.
• Questions to Ask:
  • What testing methods are used to detect PFAS in your water?
  • Do you regularly test for PFAS, and if so, what are the results?
  • Are there any limits or standards your brand follows to keep PFAS levels low?

Look for Brand Transparency

• Choose Brands with Clear Information: Opt for sparkling water brands that provide detailed information about their water sources, treatment processes, and testing results. Brands that are open about their quality control measures and PFAS testing are generally more trustworthy. Look for data on websites, product labels, or consumer guides like those provided by Consumer Reports.
• Transparency Indicators:
  • Information on the brand’s website about the water’s origin and treatment processes.
  • Results from third-party testing for PFAS or other contaminants.
  • Certification from organizations like the NSF International or the IBWA that endorses the brand’s safety practices.

Check for Third-Party Certifications

• Seek Out Reputable Certifications: Certifications from third-party organizations such as NSF International, which test for a variety of contaminants, including PFAS, can provide added assurance. These certifications ensure that products meet specific safety standards and that the testing methods are rigorous.
• Why Certification Matters: Third-party testing provides an unbiased verification of product safety. Brands with NSF or similar certifications are held to higher standards and are regularly monitored for compliance.

Read and Understand Labels

• Look for Specific Information on Labels: Some brands voluntarily include information about PFAS levels on their product labels. While not all brands do this, those that do may provide guidance on safety and transparency. Reading labels carefully can help you make more informed choices.
• Key Details to Look For:
  • Any mention of testing for PFAS or other contaminants.
  • The source of the water used and details about the treatment process.
  • Information on compliance with state or federal safety guidelines.

Stay Informed on Current Research and News

• Follow Updates from Reputable Sources: Keep up with the latest research and news on PFAS and water safety from organizations like the Environmental Working Group (EWG), the EPA, and Consumer Reports. These organizations provide ongoing updates on regulatory changes, new research findings, and recommendations for safer water consumption.
• Sign Up for Alerts: Subscribing to newsletters or alerts from these organizations can help you stay informed about developments in water safety, including PFAS contamination.

Conclusion

As sparkling water continues to be a popular choice for hydration, understanding the presence of potentially harmful substances like PFAS is crucial for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. While the presence of these chemicals in sparkling water may be concerning, informed choices and careful brand selection can significantly reduce the risks associated with PFAS exposure. By seeking out brands that are transparent about their testing practices and regulatory compliance, consumers can enjoy sparkling water without compromising their health.